10.1 Layout Guidelines

Good board layout is critical for switching controllers. First the ground plane area must be sufficient for thermal dissipation purposes and second, appropriate guidelines must be followed to reduce the effects of switching noise. Switching converters are very fast switching devices. In such devices, the rapid increase of input current combined with the parasitic trace inductance generates unwanted Ldi/dt noise spikes. The magnitude of this noise tends to increase as the output current increases. This parasitic spike noise may turn into electromagnetic interference (EMI), and can also cause problems in device performance. Therefore, care must be taken in layout to minimize the effect of this switching noise. The current sensing circuit in current mode devices can be easily affected by switching noise. This noise can cause duty cycle jittering which leads to increased spectral noise. Although the LM3478 has 325 ns blanking time at the beginning of every cycle to ignore this noise, some noise may remain after the blanking time.

The most important layout rule is to keep the AC current loops as small as possible. Figure 37 shows the current flow of a boost converter. The top schematic shows a dotted line which represents the current flow during on-state and the middle schematic shows the current flow during off-state. The bottom schematic shows the currents we refer to as AC currents. They are the most critical ones since current is changing in very short time periods. The dotted lined traces of the bottom schematic are the once to make as short as possible.

The PGND and AGND pins have to be connected to the same ground very close to the IC. To avoid ground loop currents, attach all the grounds of the system only at one point.

A ceramic input capacitor should be connected as close as possible to the Vin pin and grounded close to the GND pin.

For more information about layout in switch mode power supplies please refer to AN-1229 Simple Switcher PCB Layout Guidelines, SNVA054.

Figure 37. Current Flow in a Boost Application