The LMS36x5-Q1 incorporates a valley current limit for normal overloads and for short-circuit protection. A precision low-side current limit prevents excessive average output current from the buck converter of the LMS36x5-Q1. A high-side peak-current limit is employed for protection of the top N MOSFET and inductors. The two current limits enable use of smaller inductors than a system with a single current limit. This scheme allows use of inductors with saturation current rated less than twice the operating current of the LMS36x5-Q1.

During overloads the low-side current limit, I_L-LS (see Section 7.6), determines the maximum load current that the LMS36x5-Q1 can supply. When the low-side switch turns on, the inductor current begins to ramp down. If the current does not fall below I_L-LS before the next turnon cycle, then that cycle is skipped, and the low-side FET is left on until the current falls below I_L-LS. This is different than the more typical peak current limit, and results in Equation 1 for the maximum load current.

Equation 1.

If the converter continues triggering valley current limit for more than about 64 clock cycles, the device turns off both high and low side switches for approximately 6 ms (see T_W in Section 7.8). If the overload is still present after the hiccup time, another 64 cycles is counted, and the process is repeated. If the current limit is not tripped for two consecutive clock cycles, the counter is reset. The hiccup time allows the inductor current to fall to zero, resetting the inductor volt-second balance. Of course the output current is greatly reduced in this condition . A typical short-circuit transient and recovery is shown in Figure 8-5.

Figure 8-5 Short-Circuit Transient and Recovery

The high-side current limit trips when the peak inductor current reaches I_L-HS (see Section 7.6). This is a cycle-by-cycle current limit and does not produce any frequency or current foldback. It is meant to protect the high-side MOSFET from excessive current. Under some conditions, such as high input voltage, this current limit may trip before the low-side protection. The peak value of this current limit varies with duty cycle.

In response to a short circuit, the peak current limit prevents excessive peak current while valley current limit prevents excessive average inductor current and keeps the power dissipation low during a fault. After a small number of cycles of valley current limit triggers, hiccup mode is activated.

In addition, the I_NEG current limit also protects the low-side switch from excessive negative current when the device is in FPWM mode. If this current exceeds I_NEG, the low-side switch is turned off until the next clock cycle. When the device is in AUTO mode, the negative current limit is increased to about I_ZC (about 0 A). This allows the device to operate in DCM.