8.1 Solder Heat Shift

The materials used in the manufacture of the REF4132 have differing coefficients of thermal expansion, resulting in stress on the device die when the part is heated. Mechanical and thermal stress on the device die can cause the output voltages to shift, degrading the initial accuracy specifications of the product. Reflow soldering is a common cause of this error.

In order to illustrate this effect, a total of 32 devices were soldered on two printed circuit boards [16 devices on each printed circuit board (PCB)] using lead-free solder paste and the paste manufacturer suggested reflow profile. The reflow profile is as shown in Figure 15. The printed circuit board is comprised of FR4 material. The board thickness is 1.65 mm and the area is 114 mm × 152 mm.

Figure 15. Reflow Profile

The reference output voltage is measured before and after the reflow process; the typical shift is displayed in Figure 16. Although all tested units exhibit very low shifts (< 0.01%), higher shifts are also possible depending on the size, thickness, and material of the printed circuit board. An important note is that the histograms display the typical shift for exposure to a single reflow profile. Exposure to multiple reflows, as is common on PCBs with surface-mount components on both sides, causes additional shifts in the output bias voltage. If the PCB is exposed to multiple reflows, the device must be soldered in the last pass to minimize its exposure to thermal stress.

Figure 16. Solder Heat Shift Distribution, V_REF (%)