θ_JA (Junction-to-Ambient Thermal Resistance) is defined as the difference in junction temperature to ambient temperature divided by the operating power.

θ_JA is not a constant and is a strong function of:

• the PCB design (50% variation)
• altitude (20% variation)
• device power (5% variation)

θ_JA can be used to compare the thermal performance of packages if the specific test conditions are defined and used. Standardized testing includes specification of PCB construction, test chamber volume, sensor locations, and the thermal characteristics of holding fixtures. θ_JA is often misused when it is used to calculate junction temperatures for other installations.

TI uses two test PCBs as defined by JEDEC specifications. The low-k board gives average in-use condition thermal performance, and it consists of a single copper trace layer 25 mm long and 2-oz thick. The high-k board gives best case in-use condition, and it consists of two 1-oz buried power planes with a single copper trace layer 25 mm long and 2-oz thick. A 4% to 50% difference in θ_JA can be measured between these two test cards

θ_JC (Junction-to-Case Thermal Resistance) is defined as difference in junction temperature to case divided by the operating power. It is measured by putting the mounted package up against a copper block cold plate to force heat to flow from die, through the mold compound into the copper block.

θ_JC is a useful thermal characteristic when a heatsink applied to package. It is not a useful characteristic to predict junction temperature because it provides pessimistic numbers if the case temperature is measured in a nonstandard system and junction temperatures are backed out. It can be used with θ_JB in 1-dimensional thermal simulation of a package system.

θ_JB (Junction-to-Board Thermal Resistance) is defined as the difference in the junction temperature and the PCB temperature at the center of the package (closest to the die) when the PCB is clamped in a cold-plate structure. θ_JB is only defined for the high-k test card.

θ_JB provides an overall thermal resistance between the die and the PCB. It includes a bit of the PCB thermal resistance (especially for BGA’s with thermal balls) and can be used for simple 1-dimensional network analysis of package system, see Figure 10-1.

Figure 10-1 Thermal Resistance