11.1 Layout Guidelines

When using multiple bit logic devices, inputs should not float. In many cases, functions or parts of functions of digital logic devices are unused. Some examples are when only two inputs of a triple-input AND gate are used, or when only 3 of the 4-buffer gates are used. Such input pins should not be left unconnected because the undefined voltages at the outside connections result in undefined operational states.

Specified in Figure 8 are rules that must be observed under all circumstances. All unused inputs of digital logic devices must be connected to a high or low bias to prevent them from floating. The logic level that should be applied to any particular unused input depends on the function of the device. Generally they are tied to GND or V_CC, whichever makes more sense or is more convenient.

Even low data rate digital signals can have high frequency signal components due to fast edge rates. When a printed-circuit board (PCB) trace turns a corner at a 90° angle, a reflection can occur. A reflection occurs primarily because of the change of width of the trace. At the apex of the turn, the trace width increases to 1.414 times the width. This increase upsets the transmission-line characteristics, especially the distributed capacitance and self–inductance of the trace which results in the reflection. Not all PCB traces can be straight and therefore some traces must turn corners. Figure 9 shows progressively better techniques of rounding corners. Only the last example (BEST) maintains constant trace width and minimizes reflections.