8.3.1 I/O Port

When an I/O is configured as an input, FETs Q1 and Q2 are off, creating a high-impedance input with a weak pull-up (100 kΩ typical) to V_CC. The input voltage may be raised above V_CC to a maximum of 5.5 V, however it must be noted that because of the integrated 100 kΩ pull-up resistor it may result in current flow from I/O to VCC pin (Figure 15).

If the I/O is configured as an output, Q1 or Q2 is enabled depending on the state of the output port register. In this case, there are low impedance paths between the I/O pin and either V_CC or GND. The external voltage applied to this I/O pin must not exceed the recommended levels for proper operation.

8.3.2 Interrupt Output (INT)

An interrupt is generated by any rising or falling edge of any P-port I/O configured as an input. After time t_iv, the signal INT is valid. Resetting the interrupt circuit is achieved when data on the ports is changed back to the original state or when data is read from the Input Port register. Resetting occurs in the read mode at the acknowledge (ACK) bit after the rising edge of the SCL signal. Interrupts that occur during the ACK clock pulse can be lost (or be very short) due to the resetting of the interrupt during this pulse. Each change of the I/Os after resetting is detected and is transmitted as an interrupt on the INT pin.

Reading from or writing to another device does not affect the interrupt circuit, and a pin configured as an output cannot cause an interrupt. Changing an I/O from an output to an input may cause a false interrupt to occur if the state of the pin does not match the contents of the Input Port register.

The INT output has an open-drain structure and requires pull-up resistor to V_CC.

8.4.1 Power-On Reset

When power (from 0 V) is applied to VCC, an internal power-on reset holds the TCA9554A in a reset condition until V_CC has reached V_PORR. At that point, the reset condition is released and the TCA9554A registers and SMBus/I²C state machine initializes to their default states. After that, V_CC must be lowered to below V_PORF and then back up to the operating voltage for a power-on reset cycle.

8.5.1 I²C Interface

The bidirectional I²C bus consists of the serial clock (SCL) and serial data (SDA) lines. Both lines must be connected to a positive supply through a pull-up resistor when connected to the output stages of a device. Data transfer may be initiated only when the bus is not busy.

I²C communication with this device is initiated by a master sending a Start condition, a high-to-low transition on the SDA input/output while the SCL input is high (see Figure 16). After the Start condition, the device address byte is sent, most significant bit (MSB) first, including the data direction bit (R/W).

After receiving the valid address byte, this device responds with an acknowledge (ACK), a low on the SDA input-output during the high of the ACK-related clock pulse. The address inputs (A0–A2) of the slave device must not be changed between the Start and the Stop conditions.

On the I²C bus, only one data bit is transferred during each clock pulse. The data on the SDA line must remain stable during the high pulse of the clock period, as changes in the data line at this time are interpreted as control commands (Start or Stop) (see Figure 17).

A Stop condition, a low-to-high transition on the SDA input-output while the SCL input is high, is sent by the master (see Figure 16).

Any number of data bytes can be transferred from the transmitter to receiver between the Start and the Stop conditions. Each byte of eight bits is followed by one ACK bit. The transmitter must release the SDA line before the receiver can send an ACK bit. The device that acknowledges must pull down the SDA line during the ACK clock pulse so that the SDA line is stable low during the high pulse of the ACK-related clock period (see Figure 18). When a slave receiver is addressed, it must generate an ACK after each byte is received. Similarly, the master must generate an ACK after each byte that it receives from the slave transmitter. Setup and hold times must be met to ensure proper operation.

A master receiver signals an end of data to the slave transmitter by not generating an acknowledge (NACK) after the last byte has been clocked out of the slave. This is done by the master receiver by holding the SDA line high. In this event, the transmitter must release the data line to enable the master to generate a Stop condition.

Figure 16. Definition of Start and Stop Conditions

Figure 17. Bit Transfer

Figure 18. Acknowledgment on I²C Bus

Table 1 shows the TCA9554A interface definition.

8.6.1 Device Address

Figure 19 shows the address byte of the TCA9554A.

Figure 19. TCA9554A Address

Table 2 shows the address reference of the TCA9554A.

The last bit of the slave address defines the operation (read or write) to be performed. When it is high (1), a read is selected, while a low (0) selects a write operation.

8.6.2 Control Register and Command Byte

Following the successful Acknowledgment of the address byte, the bus master sends a command byte that is stored in the control register in the TCA9554A (see Figure 20). Two bits of this command byte state the operation (read or write) and the internal register (input, output, polarity inversion or configuration) that are affected. This register can be written or read through the I²C bus. The command byte is sent only during a write transmission.

Once a command byte has been sent, the register that was addressed continues to be accessed by reads until a new command byte has been sent. Figure 20 shows the TCA9554A control register bits and Table 3 shows the command byte.

Figure 20. Control Register Bits

8.6.3 Register Descriptions

The Input Port register (register 0) reflects the incoming logic levels of the pins, regardless of whether the pin is defined as an input or an output by the Configuration register. It only acts on read operation. Writes to these registers have no effect. The default value, X, is determined by the externally applied logic level.

Before a read operation, a write transmission is sent with the command byte to indicate to the I²C device that the Input Port register is accessed next. See Table 4.

The Output Port register (register 1) shows the outgoing logic levels of the pins defined as outputs by the Configuration register. Bit values in this register have no effect on pins defined as inputs. In turn, reads from this register reflect the value that is in the flip-flop controlling the output selection, not the actual pin value. See Table 5.

The Polarity Inversion register (register 2) allows polarity inversion of pins defined as inputs by the Configuration register. If a bit in this register is set (written with 1), the corresponding port pin polarity is inverted. If a bit in this register is cleared (written with a 0), the corresponding port pin original polarity is retained. See Table 6.

The Configuration register (register 3) configures the directions of the I/O pins. If a bit in this register is set to 1, the corresponding port pin is enabled as an input with a high-impedance output driver. If a bit in this register is cleared to 0, the corresponding port pin is enabled as an output. See Table 7.

8.6.3.1 Bus Transactions

Data is exchanged between the master and the TCA9554A through write and read commands.

8.6.3.1.1 Writes

To write on the I²C bus, the master sends a START condition on the bus with the address of the slave, as well as the last bit (the R/W bit) set to 0, which signifies a write. After the slave sends the acknowledge bit, the master then sends the register address of the register to which it wishes to write. The slave acknowledges again, letting the master know it is ready. After this, the master starts sending the register data to the slave until the master has sent all the data necessary (which is sometimes only a single byte), and the master terminates the transmission with a STOP condition. Note that the command byte/register address does NOT automatically increment. Writing multiple bytes during a write results in the last byte sent being stored in the register.

See the Register Descriptions section to see list of the TCA9554A's internal registers and a description of each one.

Figure 21 shows an example of writing a single byte to a slave register.

Figure 21. Write to Register

Figure 22 shows an example of writing to the ploarity inversion register.

Figure 22. Write to the Polarity Inversion Register

Figure 23 shows an example of writingto output port register.

Figure 23. Write to Output Port Register

8.6.3.1.2 Reads

The bus master first must send the TCA9554A address with the LSB set to a logic 0 (see Figure 19 for device address). The command byte is sent after the address and determines which register is accessed. After a restart, the device address is sent again but, this time, the LSB is set to a logic 1. Data from the register defined by the command byte then is sent by the TCA9554A (see Figure 25). The command byte does not increment automatically. If multiple bytes are read, data from the specified command byte/register is going to be continuously read.

See the Register Descriptions section for the list of the TCA9554A's internal registers and a description of each one.

Figure 24 shows an example of reading a single byte from a slave register.

Figure 24. Read from Register

After a restart, the value of the register defined by the command byte matches the register being accessed when the restart occurred. Data is clocked into the register on the rising edge of the ACK clock pulse. After the first byte, additional bytes may be read, but the same register specified by the command byte is read.

Data is clocked into the register on the rising edge of the ACK clock pulse. There is no limitation on the number of data bytes received in one read transmission, but when the final byte is received, the bus master must not acknowledge the data.

A. Transfer of data can be stopped at any time by a Stop condition. When this occurs, data present at the latest acknowledge phase is valid (output mode). It is assumed that the command byte previously has been set to 00 (Read Input Port register).

B. This figure eliminates the command byte transfer, a restart, and slave address call between the initial slave address call and actual data transfer from the P port (see Figure 24 for these details).

Figure 25. Read Input Port Register