7.3.1 PWM Operation and D-CAP3™ Control

The main control loop of the Buck is adaptive on-time pulse width modulation (PWM) controller that supports a proprietary D-CAP3™ mode control. The D-CAP3™ mode control combines adaptive on-time control with an internal compensation circuit for pseudo-fixed frequency and low external component count configuration with both low-ESR and ceramic output capacitors. It is stable even with virtually no ripple at the output. The TPS566235 also includes an error amplifier that makes the output voltage very accurate.

At the beginning of each cycle, the high-side MOSFET is turned on. This MOSFET is turned off after internal one-shot timer expires. This one-shot duration is set proportional to the output voltage, V_OUT, and it is inversely proportional to the converter input voltage, V_IN, to maintain a pseudo-fixed frequency over the input voltage range, hence it is called adaptive on-time control. The one-shot timer is reset and the high-side MOSFET is turned on again when the feedback voltage falls below the reference voltage. An internal ripple generation circuit is added to reference voltage for emulating the output ripple, this enables the use of very low-ESR output capacitors such as multi-layered ceramic caps (MLCC). No external current sense network or loop compensation is required for D-CAP3™ control topology.

For any control topology that is compensated internally, there is a range of the output filter it can support. The output filter used with the TPS566235 is a low-pass L-C circuit. This L-C filter has a double-pole frequency described in Equation 1.

Equation 1.

At low frequency, the overall loop gain is set by the output set-point resistor divider network and the internal gain of the TPS566235. The low-frequency L-C double pole has a 180 degree drop in phase. At the output filter frequency, the gain rolls off at a –40 dB per decade rate and the phase drops rapidly. The internal ripple generation network introduces a high-frequency zero that reduces the gain roll off from –40 dB to –20 dB per decade and leads the 90 degree phase boost. The internal ripple injection high-frequency zero is related to the switching frequency. The crossover frequency of the overall system should usually be targeted to be less than one-third of the switching frequency (F_SW).