6 Examples

This section provides several example calculations using error equations found in previous sections. Bench verification was performed to corroborate the validity of this data. Calculations are based on typical device information, including resistor values, gain of each stage, and common-mode input voltage if the example is multi-stage.

Resistor value is influenced by process variation and vary from lot to lot. Within the same lot, different units will have different resistor values. With multi-stage, the output stage common mode is determined by CMFB circuitry if the front end is fully differential, which is true for the vast majority of CSA. Gain of each stage is not fixed, it can vary within a small range for production trim.

Due to these variations, the calculations should only be treated as guidelines in visualizing the impact of the source impedance on accuracy for typically manufactured devices. Such calculations should not be used to compensate for system error.