ZHCSI04E September 2009 – April 2018 TPS54418
PRODUCTION DATA.
- 1 特性
- 2 应用
- 3 说明
- 4 修订历史记录
- 5 Pin Configuration and Functions
- 6 Specifications
-
7 Detailed Description
- 7.1 Overview
- 7.2 Functional Block Diagram
- 7.3
Feature Description
- 7.3.1 Fixed Frequency PWM Control
- 7.3.2 Slope Compensation and Output Current
- 7.3.3 Bootstrap Voltage (Boot) and Low Dropout Operation
- 7.3.4 Error Amplifier
- 7.3.5 Voltage Reference
- 7.3.6 Adjusting the Output Voltage
- 7.3.7 Enable and Adjusting Undervoltage Lockout
- 7.3.8 Soft-Start Pin
- 7.3.9 Sequencing
- 7.3.10 Constant Switching Frequency and Timing Resistor (RT/CLK Pin)
- 7.3.11 Overcurrent Protection
- 7.3.12 Frequency Shift
- 7.3.13 Reverse Overcurrent Protection
- 7.3.14 Synchronize Using the RT/CLK Pin
- 7.3.15 Power Good (PWRGD Pin)
- 7.3.16 Overvoltage Transient Protection
- 7.3.17 Thermal Shutdown
- 7.4 Device Functional Modes
-
8 Application and Implementation
- 8.1 Application Information
- 8.2
Typical Application
- 8.2.1 Design Requirements
- 8.2.2
Detailed Design Procedure
- 8.2.2.1 Step One: Select the Switching Frequency
- 8.2.2.2 Step Two: Select the Output Inductor
- 8.2.2.3 Step Three: Choose the Output Capacitor
- 8.2.2.4 Step Four: Select the Input Capacitor
- 8.2.2.5 Step Five: Minimum Load DC COMP Voltage
- 8.2.2.6 Step Six: Choose the Soft-Start Capacitor
- 8.2.2.7 Step Seven: Select the Bootstrap Capacitor
- 8.2.2.8 Step Eight: Undervoltage Lockout Threshold
- 8.2.2.9 Step Nine: Select Output Voltage and Feedback Resistors
- 8.2.2.10 Step 10: Select Loop Compensation Components
- 8.2.2.11 Power Dissipation Estimate
- 8.2.3 Application Curves
- 9 Power Supply Recommendations
- 10Layout
- 11器件和文档支持
- 12机械、封装和可订购信息
8.2.2.3 Step Three: Choose the Output Capacitor
There are three primary considerations for selecting the value of the output capacitor. The output capacitor determines the modulator pole, the output voltage ripple, and how the regulator responds to a large change in load current. The output capacitance needs to be selected based on the more stringent of these three criteria.
The desired response to a large change in the load current is the first criteria. The output capacitor needs to supply the load with current when the regulator cannot. This situation would occur if there are desired hold-up times for the regulator where the output capacitor must hold the output voltage above a certain level for a specified amount of time after the input power is removed. The regulator is temporarily not able to supply sufficient output current if there is a large, fast increase in the current needs of the load such as transitioning from no load to a full load. The regulator usually needs two or more clock cycles for the control loop to see the change in load current and output voltage and adjust the duty cycle to react to the change. The output capacitor must be sized to supply the extra current to the load until the control loop responds to the load change. The output capacitance must be large enough to supply the difference in current for two clock cycles while only allowing a tolerable amount of droop in the output voltage. Equation 25 shows the necessary minimum output capacitance.
For this example, the transient load response is specified as a 3% change in VOUT for a load step from 1 A (50% load) to 2 A (100%).
Using these numbers gives a minimum capacitance of 37 μF. This value does not take the ESR of the output capacitor into account in the output voltage change. For ceramic capacitors, the ESR is usually small enough to ignore in this calculation.
Equation 26 calculates the minimum output capacitance needed to meet the output voltage ripple specification. Where fSW is the switching frequency, VRIPPLE is the maximum allowable output voltage ripple, and IRIPPLE is the inductor ripple current. In this case, the maximum output voltage ripple is 30 mV. Equation 26 yields 5.2 µF.
where
- ΔIOUT is the load step size
- ΔVOUT is the acceptable output deviation
- fSW is the switching frequency
- IRipple is the inductor ripple current
- VOUT(Ripple) is the acceptable DC output voltage ripple
Equation 27 calculates the maximum ESR an output capacitor can have to meet the output voltage ripple specification. Equation 27 indicates the ESR should be less than 57 mΩ. In this case, the ESR of the ceramic capacitor is much less than 57 mΩ.
Additional capacitance de-ratings for aging, temperature and DC bias should be factored in which increases this minimum value. For this example, two 22-μF, 10-V, X5R ceramic capacitors with 3 mΩ of ESR are used.
Capacitors generally have limits to the amount of ripple current they can handle without failing or producing excess heat. An output capacitor that can support the inductor ripple current must be specified. Some capacitor data sheets specify the RMS (root mean square) value of the maximum ripple current. Equation 28 can be used to calculate the RMS ripple current the output capacitor needs to support. For this application, Equation 28 yields 333 mA.
