9.4.1 DLP9000

The DLP9000 DMD is controlled by two DLPC900 digital controllers. The digital controller operates in two different modes. The first is video mode where the video source is displayed on the DMD. The second is Pattern mode, where the patterns are downloaded over USB or pre-stored in flash memory, and then streamed to the DMD. The resulting DMD pattern rate depends on which mode and bit-depth is selected. For more information, refer to the DLPC900 data sheet listed under Related Documentation.

9.4.2 DLP9000X

The DLP9000X DMD is controlled by one DLPC910 digital controller. The digital controller offers high speed streaming mode where 1-bit binary patterns are accepted at the LVDS interface input, and then streamed to the DMD. To ensure reliable operation, the DLP9000X must always be used with the DLPC910. For more information, refer to the DLPC910 data sheet listed under Related Documentation.

9.5.1 Optical Interface and System Image Quality

TI assumes no responsibility for end-equipment optical performance. Achieving the desired end-equipment optical performance involves making trade-offs between numerous component and system design parameters. Optimizing system optical performance and image quality strongly relate to optical system design parameter trades. Although it is not possible to anticipate every conceivable application, projector image quality and optical performance is contingent on compliance to the optical system operating conditions described in the following sections.

9.5.2 Numerical Aperture and Stray Light Control

The angle defined by the numerical aperture of the illumination and projection optics at the DMD optical area should be the same. This angle should not exceed the nominal device mirror tilt angle unless appropriate apertures are added in the illumination and/or projection pupils to block out flat-state and stray light from the projection lens. The mirror tilt angle defines DMD capability to separate the "ON" optical path from any other light path, including undesirable flat-state specular reflections from the DMD window, DMD border structures, or other system surfaces near the DMD such as prism or lens surfaces. If the numerical aperture exceeds the mirror tilt angle, or if the projection numerical aperture angle is more than two degrees larger than the illumination numerical aperture angle, objectionable artifacts in the display’s border and/or active area could occur.

9.5.3 Pupil Match

TI’s optical and image quality specifications assume that the exit pupil of the illumination optics is nominally centered within 2° (two degrees) of the entrance pupil of the projection optics. Misalignment of pupils can create objectionable artifacts in the display’s border and/or active area, which may require additional system apertures to control, especially if the numerical aperture of the system exceeds the pixel tilt angle.

9.5.4 Illumination Overfill

The active area of the device is surrounded by an aperture on the inside DMD window surface that masks structures of the DMD device assembly from normal view. The aperture is sized to anticipate several optical operating conditions. Overfill light illuminating the window aperture can create artifacts from the edge of the window aperture opening and other surface anomalies that may be visible on the screen. The illumination optical system should be designed to limit light flux incident anywhere on the window aperture from exceeding approximately 10% of the average flux level in the active area. Depending on the particular system’s optical architecture, overfill light may have to be further reduced below the suggested 10% level in order to be acceptable.

9.7.1 Definition of Micromirror Landed-On/Landed-Off Duty Cycle

The micromirror landed-on/landed-off duty cycle (landed duty cycle) denotes the amount of time (as a percentage) that an individual micromirror is landed in the On–state versus the amount of time the same micromirror is landed in the Off–state.

As an example, a landed duty cycle of 100/0 indicates that the referenced pixel is in the On-state 100% of the time (and in the Off-state 0% of the time); whereas 0/100 would indicate that the pixel is in the Off-state 100% of the time. Likewise, 50/50 indicates that the pixel is On 50% of the time and Off 50% of the time.

Note that when assessing landed duty cycle, the time spent switching from one state (ON or OFF) to the other state (OFF or ON) is considered negligible and is thus ignored.

Since a micromirror can only be landed in one state or the other (On or Off), the two numbers (percentages) always add to 100.

9.7.2 Landed Duty Cycle and Useful Life of the DMD

Knowing the long-term average landed duty cycle (of the end product or application) is important because subjecting all (or a portion) of the DMD’s micromirror array (also called the active array) to an asymmetric landed duty cycle for a prolonged period of time can reduce the DMD’s usable life.

Note that it is the symmetry/asymmetry of the landed duty cycle that is of relevance. The symmetry of the landed duty cycle is determined by how close the two numbers (percentages) are to being equal. For example, a landed duty cycle of 50/50 is perfectly symmetrical whereas a landed duty cycle of 100/0 or 0/100 is perfectly asymmetrical.

Individual DMD mirror duty cycles vary by application as well as the mirror location on the DMD within any specific application. DMD mirror useful life are maximized when every individual mirror within a DMD approaches 50/50 (or 1/1) duty cycle. Therefore, for the DLPC900 and DLP9000 chipset, it is recommended that DMD Idle Mode be enabled as often as possible. Examples are whenever the system is idle, the illumination is disabled, between sequential pattern exposures (if possible), or when the exposure pattern sequence is stopped for any reason. This software mode provides a 50/50 duty cycle across the entire DMD mirror array, where the mirrors are continuously flipped between the on and off states. Refer to the DLPC900 Programmer’s Guide DLPU018 for a description of the DMD Idle Mode command. For the DLPC910 and DLP9000X chipset, it is recommended the controlling applications processor provide a 50/50 pattern sequence to the DLPC910 for display on the DLP9000X as often as possible, similar to the above examples stated for the DLPC900. The pattern provides a 50/50 duty cycle across the entire DMD mirror array, where the mirrors are continuously flipped between the on and off states.

9.7.3 Landed Duty Cycle and Operational DMD Temperature

Operational DMD Temperature and Landed Duty Cycle interact to affect the DMD’s usable life, and this interaction can be exploited to reduce the impact that an asymmetrical Landed Duty Cycle has on the DMD’s usable life. This is quantified in the de-rating curve shown in Figure 16. The importance of this curve is that:

• All points along this curve represent the same usable life.
• All points above this curve represent lower usable life (and the further away from the curve, the lower the usable life).
• All points below this curve represent higher usable life (and the further away from the curve, the higher the usable life).

In practice, this curve specifies the Maximum Operating DMD Temperature that the DMD should be operated at for a give long-term average Landed Duty Cycle.

9.7.4 Estimating the Long-Term Average Landed Duty Cycle of a Product or Application

During a given period of time, the Landed Duty Cycle of a given pixel follows from the image content being displayed by that pixel.

For example, in the simplest case, when displaying pure-white on a given pixel for a given time period, that pixel will experience a 100/0 Landed Duty Cycle during that time period. Likewise, when displaying pure-black, the pixel will experience a 0/100 Landed Duty Cycle.

Between the two extremes (ignoring for the moment color and any image processing that may be applied to an incoming image), the Landed Duty Cycle tracks one-to-one with the gray scale value, as shown in Table 3.

Accounting for color rendition (but still ignoring image processing) requires knowing both the color intensity (from 0% to 100%) for each constituent primary color (red, green, and/or blue) for the given pixel as well as the color cycle time for each primary color, where “color cycle time” is the total percentage of the frame time that a given primary must be displayed in order to achieve the desired white point.

During a given period of time, the landed duty cycle of a given pixel can be calculated as follows:

Landed Duty Cycle = (Red_Cycle_% × Red_Scale_Value) + (Green_Cycle_% × Green_Scale_Value) + (Blue_Cycle_% × Blue_Scale_Value)

Where:

Red_Cycle_%, Green_Cycle_%, and Blue_Cycle_%, represent the percentage of the frame time that Red, Green, and Blue are displayed (respectively) to achieve the desired white point.

For example, assume that the red, green and blue color cycle times are 50%, 20%, and 30% respectively (in order to achieve the desired white point), then the Landed Duty Cycle for various combinations of red, green, blue color intensities would be as shown in Table 4.